{"id":1533,"date":"2023-12-24T14:11:36","date_gmt":"2023-12-24T22:11:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/?p=1533"},"modified":"2023-12-24T15:03:35","modified_gmt":"2023-12-24T23:03:35","slug":"highlight-notes-from-neurology-readings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/2023\/12\/24\/highlight-notes-from-neurology-readings\/","title":{"rendered":"Highlight Notes \/ The Only Neurology Book You&#8217;ll Ever Need"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Notebook Export<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"bodyContainer\">\n<div class=\"bookTitle\">The Only Neurology Book You&#8217;ll Ever Need<\/div>\n<div class=\"authors\">Thaler, Alison I.; Thaler, Malcolm S.<\/div>\n<div class=\"citation\">Citation (MLA): Thaler, Alison I., and Malcolm S. Thaler. <i>The Only Neurology Book You&#8217;ll Ever Need<\/i>. Wolters Kluwer Health, 2021. Kindle file.<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 1 Let\u2019s Get Started: Your Neurologic Toolbox<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; CASE 1 &gt; Page 23 \u00b7 Location 337<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">In a broad sense, all disease is experienced through the nervous system.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; CASE 1 &gt; Page 24 \u00b7 Location 340<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">It\u2019s all in your head, whether it\u2019s mental confusion or a skinned knee.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neuroanatomy: The Basics &gt; Page 25 \u00b7 Location 360<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">communicate, whereas<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Electrophysiology in Two Pages &gt; Page 36 \u00b7 Location 427<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">There are many types of neurotransmitters; most of the ones you know already are small peptides such as acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, serotonin, and the catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Mental Status &gt; Page 49 \u00b7 Location 544<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">\u201capraxic.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Cranial Nerves &gt; Page 53 \u00b7 Location 574<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Nasolabial fold flattening<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Motor System &gt; Page 55 \u00b7 Location 589<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">They decussate (or cross) in the medulla at the medullary pyramids, right where the brainstem meets the spinal cord;<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Motor System &gt; Page 57 \u00b7 Location 605<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">extrapyramidal system, runs outside the medullary pyramids (hence extrapyramidal) and includes neurons within the basal ganglia and cerebellum, among other locations. Unlike the neurons of the pyramidal system, these neurons synapse all over the place and are important for indirect, largely involuntary, modulation, coordination, and regulation of movements.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Motor System &gt; Page 58 \u00b7 Location 608<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Dopamine depletion within the basal ganglia, for instance, as in Parkinson disease, can result in tremor and bradykinesia (slowness of movement).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Motor System &gt; Page 62 \u00b7 Location 634<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Extrapyramidal dysfunction is responsible for many of the manifestations of Parkinson disease, including tremor, abnormal posture, and gait dysfunction.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Motor System &gt; Page 62 \u00b7 Location 647<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">\u201cconfrontation testing.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Somatosensory System &gt; Page 69 \u00b7 Location 703<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">eyes closed, patients can only rely on proprioception, so if proprioception is impaired, they will lose their balance.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Coordination &gt; Page 76 \u00b7 Location 745<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">dysmetria.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Gait &gt; Page 78 \u00b7 Location 759<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Ataxic gait.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Gait &gt; Page 78 \u00b7 Location 761<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Shuffling gait.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Gait &gt; Page 78 \u00b7 Location 761<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Classic for Parkinson disease, this type of gait can also be seen in normal pressure hydrocephalus. It is characterized by small short steps with very little foot elevation off the ground.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Is it Neurologic? &gt; Page 82 \u00b7 Location 812<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">where, anatomically, they come from (or, in neurologist speak, \u201clocalize to\u201d).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Diagnostic Tools &gt; Page 86 \u00b7 Location 849<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">LP, EEG, and EMG\/ NCS\u2014form the crux of the diagnostic toolbox for neurologic disease.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; A Quick Overview of Head Imaging &gt; Page 88 \u00b7 Location 879<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Radiologists use the term \u201cintensity\u201d as opposed to \u201cdensity\u201d to describe brightness on an MRI: things that appear bright are referred to as \u201chyperintense\u201d (or \u201cincreased signal\u201d), and things that appear dark are \u201chypointense\u201d (or \u201cdecreased signal\u201d).<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 2 Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Bookmark &#8211; Page 108 \u00b7 Location 1036<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Cerebrovascular Anatomy &gt; Page 117 \u00b7 Location 1107<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">this is why posterior communicating artery aneurysms can cause third nerve palsies!<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 3 Headache<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Migraine &gt; Page 209 \u00b7 Location 2026<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">cytokines.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) &gt; Page 220 \u00b7 Location 2142<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs)<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) &gt; Page 221 \u00b7 Location 2148<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Trigeminal nerve distributions: V1 (ophthalmic), V2 (maxillary), V3 (mandibular).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) &gt; Page 221 \u00b7 Location 2151<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">SUNCT (short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing) and SUNA (short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with autonomic symptoms).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) &gt; Page 222 \u00b7 Location 2153<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">These headaches are characterized by sudden attacks of stabbing, unilateral pain that last only a few seconds but can occur hundreds of times a day. The attacks are often triggered by tactile or cutaneous stimuli, such as bathing, brushing one\u2019s hair, or shaving. SUNCT presents with both conjunctival injection and tearing;<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) &gt; Page 222 \u00b7 Location 2157<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Lamotrigine<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias (TACs) &gt; Page 223 \u00b7 Location 2183<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Preventive Treatment Lamotrigine Indomethacin Verapamil, Galcanezumab Indomethacin<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Sinus Headache &gt; Page 224 \u00b7 Location 2196<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">diagnosis, in reality very few headaches are directly associated with acute or chronic sinusitis.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Sinus Headache &gt; Page 225 \u00b7 Location 2202<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Pain around the sinuses, without evidence of an upper respiratory infection, is rarely a sinus headache, but far more often a manifestation of migraine.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Bookmark &#8211; Neuralgias &gt; Page 226 \u00b7 Location 2207<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neuralgias &gt; Page 226 \u00b7 Location 2208<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Trigeminal Neuralgia<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neuralgias &gt; Page 226 \u00b7 Location 2208<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">(TN), TN presents with unilateral, brief episodes of shock-like pain that occur in the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve; the maxillary and mandibular branches (V2 and V3) are more commonly affected than the ophthalmic division (V1).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neuralgias &gt; Page 227 \u00b7 Location 2213<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Classical TN. Classical TN is due to neurovascular compression causing morphological changes in the trigeminal nerve root. An abnormal vascular loop compresses the trigeminal nerve around its dorsal<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neuralgias &gt; Page 227 \u00b7 Location 2215<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Secondary TN.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neuralgias &gt; Page 227 \u00b7 Location 2215<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">This refers to TN caused by an underlying disease,<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neuralgias &gt; Page 227 \u00b7 Location 2222<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are commonly used treatments for classical and idiopathic TN.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neuralgias &gt; Page 227 \u00b7 Location 2224<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">gabapentin<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 7 Neurocognitive Disorders and Dementia<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Cognitive Impairment &gt; Page 364 \u00b7 Location 3565<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Fifteen percent of patients with MCI over the age of 65 will go on to develop overt dementia within 2 years; this statistic can unnerve even the most stoical among your patients, so remember to emphasize to them that this means that 85% of people with MCI will not progress to dementia during that period.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Alzheimer Disease (AD) &gt; Page 368 \u00b7 Location 3614<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">allele.<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 13 Parkinson Disease and Other Movement Disorders<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Etiology &gt; Page 656 \u00b7 Location 6215<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">The pathology involves the loss of primarily dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra (a part of the basal ganglia located in the midbrain), as well as the destruction of neurons, both dopaminergic and otherwise, in other areas of the brain.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Clinical Presentation &gt; Page 658 \u00b7 Location 6225<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">PD causes four classic physical signs that are the result of involvement of the extrapyramidal motor system, the part of the motor system involved in modulation and regulation of movement:<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Clinical Presentation &gt; Page 658 \u00b7 Location 6229<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">akinesia for the often more accurate bradykinesia).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Clinical Presentation &gt; Page 659 \u00b7 Location 6233<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">The extrapyramidal system is everything else that impacts movement, and includes neurons within the basal ganglia and cerebellum. In general, the pyramidal system causes voluntary movement, whereas the extrapyramidal system causes involuntary movement, indirectly regulating and modulating the activity of the pyramidal system. See page 18 for a more comprehensive review of motor system anatomy.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Clinical Presentation &gt; Page 659 \u00b7 Location 6239<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">unilaterally and then spreads contralaterally over a course of months to years.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Clinical Presentation &gt; Page 661 \u00b7 Location 6252<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">To be clear, though, don\u2019t be confused by the seemingly contradictory prefixes: although the rigidity associated with PD is a form of hypertonia, PD itself is a hypokinetic movement disorder, that is, characterized by the loss of movement.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Clinical Presentation &gt; Page 663 \u00b7 Location 6263<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Bradyphrenia,<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Clinical Presentation &gt; Page 665 \u00b7 Location 6271<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Neuropsychiatric difficulties range from issues with impulse control (often worsened by dopamine agonist therapy used to treat PD; see page 339), anxiety, and depression to frank psychosis with hallucinations, memory loss, and dementia.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Diagnosis &gt; Page 666 \u00b7 Location 6284<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">A favorable response to a levodopa challenge will clinch the diagnosis of PD and can often effectively rule out the atypical parkinsonisms (see page 342).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Diagnosis &gt; Page 666 \u00b7 Location 6286<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">To reiterate, PD is a clinical diagnosis. MRI is not necessary in patients with classic symptoms and a good response to levodopa, but it may be useful to exclude secondary causes (see page 344) in patients with atypical presentations of the disease. More advanced MRI techniques, such as MR spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging, may offer higher sensitivity for detecting PD-related neurodegeneration, but their efficacy and diagnostic utility remain unknown. DaTscan, a specific type of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan, enables visualization of dopamine transporter levels in the brain and can help distinguish patients with PD or atypical PD syndromes from patients with other diseases such as essential tremor. These scans cannot, however, distinguish between PD and atypical PD syndromes.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Treatment &gt; Page 667 \u00b7 Location 6298<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">carbidopa, a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor that prevents the peripheral conversion of levodopa into dopamine. The combination of these two agents has been the basis of therapy for PD for<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Treatment &gt; Page 667 \u00b7 Location 6305<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Other agents can be added as adjunctive treatment for patients who are no longer adequately responding to levodopa-carbidopa alone:<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Treatment &gt; Page 667 \u00b7 Location 6306<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Dopamine agonists (pramipexole, ropinirole, or bromocriptine). These can cause sedation, lower extremity edema, and impulse control issues. MAO-B inhibitors (selegiline, safinamide, or rasagiline). Insomnia is a common side effect. COMT inhibitors (entacapone or tolcapone). COMT (Catechol-O-methyl transferase) is an enzyme that breaks down both dopamine and levodopa. COMT inhibitors therefore prolong the half-life of levodopa. They can cause gastrointestinal side effects, sleepiness, and urine discoloration (to dark yellow or orange; this is benign but can be upsetting if patients are not warned beforehand!). Liver function tests must be monitored in patients on tolcapone.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Treatment &gt; Page 669 \u00b7 Location 6325<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">There is good evidence that starting exercise early, including balance and gait training, resistance and strength exercises, and aerobic exercise, can help patients maintain and often improve their motor function.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Treatment &gt; Page 669 \u00b7 Location 6329<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">No pharmacologic treatment has yet been shown to alter the natural history of the disease.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Prognosis &gt; Page 671 \u00b7 Location 6339<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Despite maximal therapy, most patients will ultimately develop disabling complications. Dementia is common, affecting a significant minority of patients within 5 years. By 10 years, about 25% of patients will require nursing assistance, and average life expectancy from the time of diagnosis is less than 10 years.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Tremor &gt; Page 672 \u00b7 Location 6355<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Propranolol (a beta blocker) and primidone (an anticonvulsant) are the first-line drugs when medication is required, but they are typically only effective for mild cases.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Tremor &gt; Page 672 \u00b7 Location 6361<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">13.8 For those of you with a good sense of timing, you may be able to discern that the tremor of ET is faster than the tremor of PD, typically 8 to 10 Hz (i.e., 8 to 10 cycles per second) compared with only 3 to 7 Hz.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Tremor &gt; Page 673 \u00b7 Location 6372<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">common; patients with early PD are often initially thought to have essential tremor.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes &gt; Page 674 \u00b7 Location 6388<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">major types of atypical parkinsonian syndromes are:<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes &gt; Page 674 \u00b7 Location 6389<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Progressive supranuclear palsy Corticobasal degeneration Dementia with Lewy bodies Multiple system atrophy<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; The Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes &gt; Page 675 \u00b7 Location 6394<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classically shows prominent midbrain atrophy resulting in what\u2019s known as the \u201chummingbird sign.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Choreiform Disorders and Huntington Disease &gt; Page 682 \u00b7 Location 6465<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">St. Vitus dance<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Tardive Dyskinesia &gt; Page 686 \u00b7 Location 6518<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">monoamine neurotransmitters include dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin;<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Myoclonus &gt; Page 689 \u00b7 Location 6537<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Hiccups (diaphragmatic myoclonus) and hypnic myoclonus (the sudden jerk many people get just as they are starting to fall asleep) are examples of physiologic myoclonus.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Sleep-Related Movement Disorders &gt; Page 691 \u00b7 Location 6566<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">hypnic myoclonus, the myoclonic jerks that accompany falling asleep or transitions from one stage of sleep to another.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; CASE 13: FOLLOW-UP &gt; Page 693 \u00b7 Location 6583<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Follow-up on Your Patient: You immediately suspect that Suzanne has Parkinson disease because of her shuffling gait and unilateral resting tremor. Your examination also reveals cogwheel rigidity in her right upper extremity and a positive pull test. Her cognitive testing is normal. You tell her she has Parkinson disease and discuss starting treatment with levodopa-carbidopa. Because her symptoms are interfering with her work in the hospital, she agrees and begins treatment immediately. One month later in follow-up she reports that the medication has helped her immensely and she has been able to continue working much as she has become accustomed to. You arrange to see her on a regular basis to monitor her symptoms and medication.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; CASE 13: FOLLOW-UP &gt; Page 693 \u00b7 Location 6590<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">How to diagnose and treat patients with Parkinson disease. The mnemonic TRAP (commit this to memory!) that summarizes the basic manifestations of Parkinson disease.<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 14 Neurocritical Care<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Cerebral Edema &gt; Page 698 \u00b7 Location 6627<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Vasogenic edema is caused by the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Cerebral Edema &gt; Page 699 \u00b7 Location 6634<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Cytotoxic edema is the result of cell death.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Physiology &gt; Page 702 \u00b7 Location 6667<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">CSF<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 15 Altered Mental Status<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; CASE 15 &gt; Page 733 \u00b7 Location 6892<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Altered mental status (AMS)<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Encephalopathy Versus Aphasia &gt; Page 734 \u00b7 Location 6904<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Like AMS, encephalopathy is a vague term that is often defined as any sort of \u201cbrain malfunctioning.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Neurologic Causes of AMS &gt; Page 736 \u00b7 Location 6938<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">postictal<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Non-Neurologic Causes of AMS &gt; Page 744 \u00b7 Location 7067<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Vladimir Nabokov1, author of Lolita, Ada, and Pale Fire, and physicist Richard Feynman are both believed to have been synesthetes.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Non-Neurologic Causes of AMS &gt; Page 745 \u00b7 Location 7079<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">hyponatremia,<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Non-Neurologic Causes of AMS &gt; Page 745 \u00b7 Location 7083<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">is no<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Non-Neurologic Causes of AMS &gt; Page 746 \u00b7 Location 7097<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">pica behaviors (eating items not normally considered food, such as dirt or grass)<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Non-Neurologic Causes of AMS &gt; Page 746 \u00b7 Location 7099<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">chelation<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; CASE 15: FOLLOW-UP &gt; Page 751 \u00b7 Location 7160<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">AMS.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Note &#8211; CASE 15: FOLLOW-UP &gt; Page 751 \u00b7 Location 7160<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Altered mental state.<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 16 Neuro-Oncology<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; A Quick Word on Mass Lesions &gt; Page 754 \u00b7 Location 7184<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Brain tumors are mass lesions: they take up space inside the skull.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; A Quick Word on Mass Lesions &gt; Page 755 \u00b7 Location 7193<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Because the brain atrophies over time, older patients tend to have more space inside their skull and can therefore \u201chide\u201d mass lesions for longer<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; A Quick Word on Mass Lesions &gt; Page 755 \u00b7 Location 7194<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">than younger patients, who have very little extra space and tend to become symptomatic earlier.<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Primary Brain Tumors &gt; Page 756 \u00b7 Location 7208<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Primary brain tumors (i.e., tumors that originate in the brain) are actually significantly less common than metastatic brain tumors (i.e., tumors that originate elsewhere in the body).<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; CASE 16: FOLLOW-UP &gt; Page 779 \u00b7 Location 7449<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">nicardipine<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Chapter 18 The Cranial Nerves<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Bookmark &#8211; Cranial Nerve Basics &gt; Page 813 \u00b7 Location 7766<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Brainstem Reflexes &gt; Page 817 \u00b7 Location 7811<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">The pathway below explains why it\u2019s a consensual reflex: that is, why, if you shine light in one eye, both eyes will constrict.<\/div>\n<div class=\"sectionHeading\">Index<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteHeading\">Highlight(<span class=\"highlight_blue\">blue<\/span>) &#8211; Page 906 \u00b7 Location 9342<\/div>\n<div class=\"noteText\">Parkinson disease (PD)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Notebook Export The Only Neurology Book You&#8217;ll Ever Need Thaler, Alison I.; Thaler, Malcolm S. Citation (MLA): Thaler, Alison I., and Malcolm S. Thaler. The Only Neurology Book You&#8217;ll Ever Need. Wolters Kluwer Health, 2021. Kindle file. Chapter 1 Let\u2019s Get Started: Your Neurologic Toolbox Highlight(blue) &#8211; CASE 1 &gt; Page 23 \u00b7 Location 337 &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/2023\/12\/24\/highlight-notes-from-neurology-readings\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Highlight Notes \/ The Only Neurology Book You&#8217;ll Ever Need&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-post"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1533","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1533"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1533\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1539,"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1533\/revisions\/1539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1533"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1533"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1533"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}