{"id":1756,"date":"2024-05-10T14:54:08","date_gmt":"2024-05-10T21:54:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/?p=1756"},"modified":"2024-05-10T14:54:08","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T21:54:08","slug":"viet-phonology-wiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alteritas.net\/alteritas\/2024\/05\/10\/viet-phonology-wiki\/","title":{"rendered":"Viet phonology < Wiki"},"content":{"rendered":"

https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamese_phonology<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Finals : When stops \/p, t, k\/ occur at the end of words, they have no audible release<\/a> ([p\u031a, t\u031a, k\u031a]):<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0111\u00e1p<\/i><\/td>\n‘to reply’<\/td>\n\/\u0257ap\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0257ap\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
m\u00e1t<\/i><\/td>\n‘cool’<\/td>\n\/mat\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[mat\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kh\u00e1c<\/i><\/td>\n‘different’<\/td>\n\/xak\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[xak\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u00a0<\/span>When the velar consonants \/k, \u014b\/ are after \/u, o, \u0254\/, they are articulated with a simultaneous bilabial closure [k\u0361p\u031a, \u014b\u0361m] (i.e. doubly articulated<\/a>) or are strongly labialized<\/a> [k\u031a\u02b7, \u014b\u02b7].<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0111\u1ee5c<\/i><\/td>\n‘murky’<\/td>\n\/\u0257uk\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0257uk\u0361p\u031a], [\u0257\u028ak\u031a\u02b7]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0111\u1ed9c<\/i><\/td>\n‘poison’<\/td>\n\/\u0257ok\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0257\u0259\u0306wk\u0361p\u031a], [\u0257\u0259\u0306wk\u031a\u02b7]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0111\u1ecdc<\/i><\/td>\n‘to read’<\/td>\n\/\u0257\u0254k\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0257\u0103wk\u0361p\u031a], [\u0257\u0103wk\u031a\u02b7]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ung<\/i><\/td>\n‘cancer’<\/td>\n\/u\u014b\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[u\u014b\u0361m], [\u028a\u014b\u02b7]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00f4ng<\/i><\/td>\n‘man’\/’grandfather’<\/td>\n\/o\u014b\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0259\u0306w\u014b\u0361m], [\u0259\u0306w\u014b\u02b7]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ong<\/i><\/td>\n‘bee’<\/td>\n\/\u0254\u014b\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0103w\u014b\u0361m], [\u0103w\u014b\u02b7]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Hanoi finals<\/b><\/p>\n

Analysis of final ch<\/i>, nh<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

The pronunciation of syllable-final ch<\/i> and nh<\/i> in Hanoi Vietnamese has had different analyses. One analysis, that of Thompson (1965) has them as being phonemes \/c, \u0272\/, where \/c\/ contrasts with both syllable-final t<\/i> \/t\/ and c<\/i> \/k\/, and \/\u0272\/ contrasts with syllable-final n<\/i> \/n\/ and ng<\/i> \/\u014b\/. Final \/c, \u0272\/ is, then, identified with syllable-initial \/c, \u0272\/.<\/p>\n

Another analysis has final \u27e8ch\u27e9 and \u27e8nh\u27e9 as representing different spellings of the velar phonemes \/k\/ and \/\u014b\/ that occur after upper front vowels \/i\/ (orthographic \u27e8i\u27e9) and \/e\/ (orthographic \u27e8\u00ea\u27e9). This analysis interprets orthographic \u27e8ach\u27e9 and \u27e8anh\u27e9 as an underlying \/\u025b\/, which becomes phonetically open and diphthongized<\/a>: \/\u025bk\/ \u2192 [\u0103jk\u031f\u031a], \/\u025b\u014b\/ \u2192 [\u0103j\u014b\u031f].[10] This diphthongization also affects \u27e8\u00each\u27e9 and \u27e8\u00eanh\u27e9: \/ek\/ \u2192 [\u0259\u0306jk\u031f\u031a], \/e\u014b\/ \u2192 [\u0259\u0306j\u014b\u031f].<\/p>\n

Arguments for the second analysis include the limited distribution of final [c] and [\u0272], the gap in the distribution of [k] and [\u014b] which do not occur after [i] and [e], the pronunciation of \u27e8ach\u27e9 and \u27e8anh\u27e9 as [\u025bc] and [\u025b\u0272] in certain conservative central dialects,[11] and the patterning of [k]~[c] and [\u014b]~[\u0272] in certain reduplicated words. Additionally, final [c] is not articulated as far forward as the initial [c]: [c] and [\u0272] are pre-velar [k\u031f, \u014b\u031f] with no alveolar contact.[12]<\/p>\n

The first analysis closely follows the surface pronunciation of a slightly different Hanoi dialect than the second. In this dialect, the \/a\/ in \/ac\/ and \/a\u0272\/ is not diphthongized but is actually articulated more forward, approaching a front vowel [\u00e6]. This results in a three-way contrast between the rimes \u0103n<\/i> [\u00e6\u0308n] vs. anh<\/i> [\u00e6\u0308\u0272] vs. \u0103ng<\/i> [\u00e6\u0308\u014b]. For this reason, a separate phonemic \/\u0272\/ is posited.<\/p>\n

Table of Hanoi finals<\/b><\/p>\n

The following rimes<\/a> ending with velar consonants<\/a> have been diphthongized<\/a> in the Hanoi dialect, but \/i\/, \/u\/ and \/\u0268\/ are more open:[11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
ong<\/i>, oc<\/i><\/td>\n\/aw\u014b\/, \/awk\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0103w\u014b\u0361m], [\u0103wk\u0361p\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00f4ng<\/i>, \u00f4c<\/i><\/td>\n\/\u0259w\u014b\/, \/\u0259wk\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0259\u0306w\u014b\u0361m], [\u0259\u0306wk\u0361p\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ung<\/i>, uc<\/i><\/td>\n\/u\u014b\/, \/uk\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u028a\u014b\u0361m], [\u028ak\u0361p\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u01b0ng<\/i>, \u01b0c<\/i>, \u01b0n<\/i>, \u01b0t<\/i><\/td>\n\/\u0268\u014b\/, \/\u0268k\/, \/\u0268n\/, \/\u0268t\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u026f\u033d\u014b], [\u026f\u033dk\u031f\u031a], [\u026f\u033dn], [\u026f\u033dt\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
anh<\/i>, ach<\/i><\/td>\n\/\u025b\u014b\/, \/\u025bk\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0103j\u014b\u031f], [\u0103jk\u031f\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00eanh<\/i>, \u00each<\/i><\/td>\n\/e\u014b\/, \/ek\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u0259\u0306j\u014b\u031f], [\u0259\u0306jk\u031f\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
inh<\/i>, ich<\/i><\/td>\n\/i\u014b\/, \/ik\/<\/td>\n\u2192<\/td>\n[\u026a\u014b\u031f], [\u026ak\u031f\u031a]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

With the above phonemic analyses, the following is a table of rimes ending in \/n, t, \u014b, k\/ in the Hanoi dialect:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\/\u0103\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/a\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/\u025b\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/\u0254\/, \/aw\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/\u0259\u0306\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/\u0259\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/e\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/o\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/i\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/\u0268\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/u\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/i\u0259\u032f\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/\u0268\u0259\u032f\/<\/b><\/td>\n\/u\u0259\u032f\/<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/n\/<\/b><\/td>\n\u0103n<\/i><\/td>\nan<\/i><\/td>\nen<\/i><\/td>\non<\/i><\/td>\n\u00e2n<\/i><\/td>\n\u01a1n<\/i><\/td>\n\u00ean<\/i><\/td>\n\u00f4n<\/i><\/td>\nin<\/i><\/td>\n\u01b0n<\/i><\/td>\nun<\/i><\/td>\ni\u00ean<\/i><\/td>\n\u01b0\u01a1n<\/i><\/td>\nu\u00f4n<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/t\/<\/b><\/td>\n\u0103t<\/i><\/td>\nat<\/i><\/td>\net<\/i><\/td>\not<\/i><\/td>\n\u00e2t<\/i><\/td>\n\u01a1t<\/i><\/td>\n\u00eat<\/i><\/td>\n\u00f4t<\/i><\/td>\nit<\/i><\/td>\n\u01b0t<\/i><\/td>\nut<\/i><\/td>\ni\u00eat<\/i><\/td>\n\u01b0\u01a1t<\/i><\/td>\nu\u00f4t<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/\u014b\/<\/b><\/td>\n\u0103ng<\/i><\/td>\nang<\/i><\/td>\nanh<\/i><\/td>\nong<\/i><\/td>\n\u00e2ng<\/i><\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\n\u00eanh<\/i><\/td>\n\u00f4ng<\/i><\/td>\ninh<\/i><\/td>\n\u01b0ng<\/i><\/td>\nung<\/i><\/td>\ni\u00eang<\/i><\/td>\n\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i><\/td>\nu\u00f4ng<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/k\/<\/b><\/td>\n\u0103c<\/i><\/td>\nac<\/i><\/td>\nach<\/i><\/td>\noc<\/i><\/td>\n\u00e2c<\/i><\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\n\u00each<\/i><\/td>\n\u00f4c<\/i><\/td>\nich<\/i><\/td>\n\u01b0c<\/i><\/td>\nuc<\/i><\/td>\ni\u00eac<\/i><\/td>\n\u01b0\u01a1c<\/i><\/td>\nu\u00f4c<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phonetics<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phonology<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamese_phonology \u00a0 Finals : When stops \/p, t, k\/ occur at the end of words, they have no audible release ([p\u031a, t\u031a, k\u031a]): \u0111\u00e1p ‘to reply’ \/\u0257ap\/ \u2192 [\u0257ap\u031a] m\u00e1t ‘cool’ \/mat\/ \u2192 [mat\u031a] kh\u00e1c ‘different’ \/xak\/ \u2192 [xak\u031a] \u00a0When the velar consonants \/k, \u014b\/ are after \/u, o, \u0254\/, they are articulated with a … <\/p>\n

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