Author: geoplotsadmin

Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas | Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas – Nature Reviews tNeuroscience

To explain the full range of behaviours, these discrete units must be able to switch between different functions depending on task demands — a feature we term functional pleomorphism <

Gradient Organization of Space, Time, and Numbers in the Brain: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies – Neuropsychology Review

> In other words, “we may recycle the brain’s spatial prowess to navigate the  abstract mathematical world” (Marghetis et al., 2014, p. 1580).

>   

But Einstein came along and took space and time out of the realm of stationary things and put them in the realm of relativity… because time and space are modes by which we think and not conditions in which we live.”.

Dimitri Marianoff &  Palma Wayne -Einstein: An intimate study of a great man <

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811920308922?..via%3Dihub

 

 

 

 

Why does carbon monoxide intoxification produce the same effects on the substantia nigra as Parkinson?  

I got this:

Faculty List – University of California, Irvine – Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program

Faculty List – University of California, Irvine – Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program

Figure 17.2 MRI of a human brain. See photos

Science | AAAS

Using functional MRI, music neuroscientists have established that actively listening to rhythm activates the supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia in the deep brain, both of which are important for generating voluntary movements <   

The pathophysiology of GAD implicates several regions of the brain that mediate the processing of stimuli associated with fear, anxiety, memory, and emotion (i.e., the amygdala, insula and the frontal cortex).[15][8] The amygdala is part of the brain that is associated with experiencing emotions. In the amygdala, the basolateral amygdala complex recognizes sensory information and activates GABAergic neurons which can cause somatic symptoms of anxiety. GABAergic neurons control the nervous system by reducing feelings of stress, anxiety, and fear. When there is an inadequate number of GABAergic neurons, those negative feelings become apparent and can release somatic responses of stress.[16] It has been suggested that individuals with GAD have greater amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity in response to stimuli than individuals who do not have GAD.[8] However, the relationship between GAD and activity levels in other parts of the frontal cortex is the subject of ongoing research with some literature suggesting greater activation in specific regions for individuals who have GAD but where other research suggests decreased activation levels in individuals who have GAD as compared to individuals who do not have GAD.[8][15] < wiki Generalized Anxiety Disorder 

Images of synapses:

https://x.com/worldartira/status/1730152428178469033?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg

https://x.com/xerxesxerxes/status/1730243785303404935?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg

https://www.quantamagazine.org/in-the-guts-second-brain-key-agents-of-health-emerge-20231121/

https://x.com/visionaryvoid/status/1730134003435593984?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg

< Beta-actin mRNA plays a crucial role in the formation of long-term memories. It is involved in the regulation of actin, a protein that contributes to the structure and function of cells. In neurons, actin is particularly important for the growth and maintenance of dendritic spines, the tiny protrusions that receive signals from other neurons. Changes in the number and shape of these spines are thought to be a key mechanism underlying learning and memory.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential = nerve impulse
Wiki hemapoeisis : In a healthy adult human, roughly ten billion (1010) to a hundred billion (1011) new blood cells are produced per day, in order to maintain steady state levels in the peripheral circulation.[4][5] 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536995/  < nigrostratium

> in gross anatomical dissections, the SNpc appears dark in color because of the high neuromelanin content which forms from the L-DOPA precursor in dopamine synthesis.[2] This characteristic is the source of the name of the region which means “dark substance.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482140/#

Levadopa doses

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025881/ 

In simple terms, these models propose that hypokinetic movement disorders (eg, parkinsonism) can be distinguished from hyperkinetic movement disorders (eg, chorea and dystonia) based on the magnitude and pattern of the basal ganglia output neurons in the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr).3 Basal ganglia output neurons inhibit the motor thalamus and the midbrain extrapyramidal area; their role has been proposed to be analogous to a braking mechanism such that increased activity inhibits and decreased activity facilitates motor pattern generators in the cerebral cortex and brainstem.4 The inputs to the GPi and SNpr from the striatum and subthalamic nucleus (STN) are organized anatomically and physiologically such that the striatum provides a specific, focused, context-dependent inhibition, while the STN provides a less specific, divergent excitation    Because the output from the GPi and SNpr is inhibitory, this organization translates to a focused facilitation and surround inhibition of motor mechanisms in thalamocortical and brainstem circuits (Figure 1). The function of this organization is to selectively facilitate desired movements and to inhibit potentially competing movements. <   https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/784785

 

Parkinson’s – Books – NCBI

Parkinson’s – Books – NCBI      Wonderful index linking to many topics:

Levodopa (L-Dopa) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

> To increase the bioavailability of levodopa and decrease its side effects, it is often administeredd in combination with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors (such as carbidopa and benserazide). Dopamine decarboxylase inhibitors prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, allowing for more levodopa to cross the BBB.

Postural instability > https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560906/

 > The specific etiology of postural instability is difficult to identify because it is a heterogeneous disorder, and there is much ground left to uncover regarding knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease.[1]  > This supports that the pathology is non-dopaminergic. As the basal ganglia are perturbed in Parkinson disease

> routine measurement of 25-OH vitamin D3 levels may be helpful and should be completed in all patients newly diagnosed with Parkinson disease  

> A narrow-based or festinating (hurrying) pattern of the walk would suggest a Parkinsonian gait, in which MRI of the brain could be useful.[1]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6770017/

< Because of this, it has been determined that lesions in non-dopaminergic systems possibly contribute to postural instability in Parkinson disease ….

< Posturalx instability is associated with poor prognosis. Frequent falling is correlated to postural instability and can result in broken bones and hospitalization. Dopaminergic treatment has not been shown to be effective. In patients with mild-moderate Parkinson disease, postural instability and gait difficulty is an important determinant of quality of life. It is a major contributor to disability in patients in Parkinson disease.[2][23

The theory of hypodopaminergic pathology has been extended to a multisystem neurodegeneration, cortical amyloid deposition [31], differential disruption of the corpus callosal fibers [38], and periventricular white matter hyperintensities [39] to name a few.

Nancy’s youtube:   https://m.youtube.com/watchv=fbzCaEHyRiY&feature=youtu.be

Using functional MRI, music neuroscientists have established that actively listening to rhythm activates the supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia in the deep brain, both of which are important for generating voluntary movements <

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1320515/

https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/what-is-hypomimia