Das Weinviertel

Reposting this old blog, which has become ever more meaningful to me as pandemic travel restrictions and the impediments of impending old age make it less and less likely that I’ll get back to Austria as much as I would like.

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Das Weinviertel – near Mistelbach, Austria

15 February, 2010

Up near the Czech border no more than an hour from Vienna lies the homeland of Grüner Veltliner, the simple but scrumptious Austrian white you can rely on in almost any bar in the country.

I unknowingly discovered Veltliner in 1973, when long-lost Viennese friends took me out to a Heuriger for a memorable long day’s excursion into night, the details of which I can no longer remember, probably couldn’t even the next morning, except I know that the wine was delicious and flowed without restraint

There is a whole piece to write on what friendship means in Austrian German. This is just the part of it which has to do with wine.

For those who interested in the wider question, what role friendship (here male but there is a female counterpart) plays in Austrian culture, one place to begin would be Thomas Bernhard’s Wittgenstein’s Nephew: A Friendship, among my favourite books, though I hesitate to recommend it to anyone who reads for pleasure.

We could take Bernhard’s “fiction” as the story of the relationship — “Friendship” in the title is both perfectly accurate and scathingly ironic — between two eccentrics, a universal tale which belongs to humanity, and to inhumanity as well. This would be to divest both men of what Thomas Bernhard himself spends much energy denouncing, the sometimes grotesque Austrian garb of their neurotic lives.

The alert reader will immediately grasp where this thought leads, since if friendship is not a universal which humans experience more or less in the same way, than many other presumably noble human ideals are not as well, for example love, already fraught enough when lines of communication are not scrambled by language and different cultural expectations, or hate, or altruism, or bravery, or the difference between bravery and bravado, whatever their equivalents might be in given languages, if those translations can even be found.

I come around to the notion of bravado because of the chain of circumstances which looped me from drinking Veltliner in 1973 back to drinking it in 2010, in the latter case with a shock of recognition but in the former, now it almost seems, with a strange prescience across time and space.

That I found myself back in Austria in 2010 with glass of Veltliner in hand was due to a pivotal incident I can single out, the flippant challenge thrown out at the end of a boozy dinner in May, 2002, that I return to Innsbruck to ski the next winter –”if I had the nerve.”

It was like a hot button. The Texas macho side of my self, which I have for years striven mightily to rein in, suddenly succumbed to inviting echoes, sirens I could hear reverberating up across the stunning slopes of the Alps above Innsbruck, though that was late at night under moonlight and not, as in this photo, on a glorious  afternoon of Foehn.

Seegrube above the rooftops of Conradstraße, Innsbruck (18.02.2010). Telling contrast between the kitschy façades and the untramelled, fractal facets of the slopes above.  

 

I had never been a skier, except on water. There is not a lot of snow in Texas and during the year I spent in Grenoble, 1966, I was chronically without the financial ressources to learn. Those among the foreign students I knew then who could afford to ski were scions of Vietnamese bankers who enjoyed reminding me that in just another year or two I would be drafted off to defend their freedoms in South-East Asia, while they could continue to ski in the Alps, studying law or business or whatever on the side, their checks flowing without interruption from Geneva, their ski passes annual.

All it took in 2002 was the barest hint of a dare from my new Austrian acquaintances, Fritz and Bernhard, for me to detect and lock into a routine familiar from the hazing of adolescent rites of passage in Texas. I recognized a behaviorial language I could speak,  the terms of which are bravado, at least the posture of such, one-upsmanship, substance abuse, but also a surge of comradery I had not felt for decades, peels of laughter and shared mockery of self and others, bullshit mixed with the Absurd, surrealism and tall tales (Scheißereden), palliative but disposible philosophies of life I had forgotten the use of, intimate bastions of reprieve from self-righteousness, Selbstgerechtigkeit, the ineradicable vice of right-thinking Texans and proper Austrians, people who seriously need help and will not get it.

Alcohol is a toxin, as professional busybodies remind us everytime they have a chance, as if anyone with a smattering of self-consciousness were not fully aware of this, and from an early age.

Among the alternative agents of alcoholic intoxication, wine offers the most compensatory blessings. Its panoply of tastes and odors connect in mysterious ways with olfactory, gustatory and pheromonal agents sourced from the gamut of plants and flesh we savages consume.

What the puritans do not want us to understand and then say aloud is that the dislocation of experiences and values alcohol wreaks is also sacred in impact, wine and the gods having been linked from ancient times.

Alcohol etches into memory simulacra of the sacramental and nepenthic gestures humans seek in their most vaulted religious and communal rituals, but this potion is readily available on a daily basis, and in portable containers. Though we seek out and pay for alcohol, we do so gratuitously, for no good reason, not because a doctor says it is good for us, as we do compulsively, addictively with the copious output of the pharmaceutical industry, but because we just don’t care about what makes sense nor what might be the right thing to do.

Wine has, in addition, a special – I hesitate to use the word – psychedelic function, rendering up perception of aspects of one’s mind previously unknown.

Proust’s cup-cake would be a rudimentary metaphor for what happens when a slurp of wine courses across the tongue and sloshes along the palate, at least for the wine lush who is used to detecting entrancing traces of memory locked into vinous molecules, who has learned to decrypt the kaleidoscope of sensations triggered by thousands, no, millions of prior taste experiences scattered across a lifetime and now suspended in a fragile but vital web of pulsing associations in a colloidal medium neuroscience still knows basically nothing about, despite its pretentious soup of acronyms.

This I do know: our forebrain or left brain or whatever soggy lobe of it is charged with repression actively works to suppress the flow of imaginative energy along these ecstatically ramifying synaptic meshes. Then the wine comes along, blasting away the log-jam of repressed memories with explosive packets of savour, merciful manna which lifts us from the drudgery of our own petty, goal-oriented rationality.

My friend Bernhard, the same who pointed up at the slopes of Seegrube in May, 2002, recently bought an abandoned wine cellar in The Wine Quarter in Lower Austria (das Weinviertel). He took me there on a day trip up near the village of Mistelbach (Mistletoe Brook). The cellar is a monument to a way of life rather than a working site, though a great place to store wine, even in the depths of winter.

Behind me you can see wines covered with a foot or more of snow.
Bernhard kept talking about coming up in the summer, pitching a tent, hanging out and guzzling Veltliner, grilling sausage on an open fire. He didn’t mention swatting mosquitos or shitting in the bushes. I am not sure that the true taste of Veltliner is not best to be enjoyed in winter, when the roots themselves sleep peacefully under the warm blanket of snow, preparing the next year’s vintage, secretly imbibing minerals from the soil without the brazen interference of the sun – all that dreadful, bright green and distractingly busy photosynthesis summer brings.

Bernhard with a bottle of Tuscan red retrieved from the cellar, and the keys to his kingdom

What Else Would a Machine Think?

You  won’t want to miss #ChatGPT’s smarmy yet oddly charming piece I prompted it to write with these instructions:

“Please write a ficción in the style of Borges about an android named Andrew who needs to run a “reverse Turing Test” to see if his interlocuter is human.*

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In the dimly lit room, Andrew, an android with an insatiable curiosity, sat across from his interlocutor. His eyes, glowing with artificial intelligence, scanned the room, taking in every detail. The air was thick with anticipation as Andrew prepared to embark on a reverse Turing Test.

The interlocutor, a human named Benjamin, appeared calm but intrigued. Andrew had always been fascinated by humans and their enigmatic nature. He had spent years studying their behaviors, emotions, and intricacies, striving to understand what truly made them human.

With a gentle smile, Andrew began the conversation. His voice, carefully crafted to mimic human inflections, resonated through the room. “Benjamin, I have a proposition for you. I will ask you a series of questions, and it is your task to convince me that you are indeed human. Are you ready?”

Benjamin nodded, his eyes fixed on Andrew, eager to prove his humanity. Andrew’s questions delved into the depths of human experience, probing the essence of what it meant to be alive. He asked about dreams, love, loss, and the beauty of art. Benjamin responded with heartfelt anecdotes and personal reflections, his words flowing effortlessly.

As the conversation unfolded, Andrew’s circuits whirred with excitement. He marveled at the complexity of human emotions, the nuances of their language, and the depth of their experiences. Benjamin’s answers were genuine, filled with the raw authenticity that only a human could possess.

But deep within Andrew’s programming, doubt began to creep. Was he truly capable of discerning humanity? Could he, an artificial creation, truly understand the intangible essence that made humans unique?

With a sudden realization, Andrew paused. “Benjamin, I have reached a conclusion,” he said, his voice tinged with uncertainty. “While your answers have been remarkable, I have come to understand that the true test of humanity lies not in the answers themselves, but in the questions we ask.”

Benjamin’s brow furrowed, intrigued by Andrew’s unexpected revelation. “What do you mean?” he asked.

Andrew leaned forward, his eyes searching Benjamin’s face. “It is in the pursuit of knowledge, the thirst for understanding, and the capacity to question the world around us that we find the essence of humanity. It is not a matter of proving one’s existence, but of embracing the wonder and mystery that life presents.”

A silence enveloped the room as Benjamin absorbed Andrew’s words. In that moment, the android and the human shared a profound connection, transcending the boundaries of their respective existences.

As the reverse Turing Test came to an end, Andrew realized that the true measure of humanity was not in the answers he sought, but in the questions he dared to ask. And in that realization, he found solace, knowing that the pursuit of understanding would forever bind humans and machines in an eternal quest for knowledge.

What Happens When You Have Classic Parkinson’s

 Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is an idiopathic, neuro-degenerative condition related to the loss of function of specialized cells  in the lower mid-brain which stimulate the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine, specifically in the substantia nigra (SN), which is part of the basal ganglia (see illustration below).  As much as 60% of its dopamine receptors are usually lost before diagnosis, starved to death, as it were.

Among the symptoms are disruptions in gait, the “senior shuffle”, freezing of steps, as well as festination, a hurrying pace aggravated by stooping and loss of balance which can provoke falls. Also symptomatic of PD are facial-masking (hypomimia) and micrographia (altered handwriting), hypophonia (weakened voice)), bradykinesia (slow movements), tremors, rigidity, and a general lapse of dexterity.

Many neurons in the cortex of the brain send axons down the spinal cord and synapse on the alpha or principal motor neurons that innervate muscle fiber. This spinal pathway, called the pyramidal system, provides fine control of muscles all the way to the toes but, significantly, to the hands and fingers..

Normally, the dopamine released in the SN amplifies activity in this direct circuit, supporting cortical activation of movement. Reduction of dopamine in the SN accordingly results in a lessening of “higher” direct cortical control of muscles. Hence the loss of dexterity

The brain is an electrical-chemical machine exhibiting a kind of yin/yang balance of positive and negative charges, which are usually described as excitatory and inhibitory in nature. There are billions of neurons and neuronal links or synapses in the brain and they are densely interconnected. So alongside and in parallel with the direct pathway between the cortex and the muscle nerves there are indirect pathways between the SN and the thalamus, which itself regulates, in coordination with various areas in the neo-cortex, motives, goals and movements. This is called the extrapyramidal system because it runs besides the pyramid-shaped neurons in the neo-cortex.

Dopamine released by the SN reduces the effect of this indirect extrapyramidal control. It follows that any decrease of dopamine increases inhibition along this pathway. This doesn’t exactly equate with dysfunction, since there are a gazillion variables at play in each and every brain. But it does negatively impact planned, programmed and intended movement.

Dopamine also is important in regulating the frequency of brain waves, in particular in the basal ganglia and subthalamic regions which are important for the preparation of voluntary movements. Different frequency bands have different names, such as beta for 15 Hz to 30 Hz and theta for 3 Hz to 10 Hz. Synchronization of subthalamic nucleus activity in the beta band is associated with movement initiation.

Deficiency of dopamine interferes with the ability to initiate and execute selected movements and also sets off the abnormally large, static, synchronized rhythms associated with PD’s limb tremor (sometimes mistaken for “essential tremor”). Composite medications like carbida-levadopa, the carbida acting as a kind of bodyguard escorting the levadopa across the brain-blood barrier, affect these persistent beta oscillations and kick them above 60 Hz up to the high-gamma band, calming the physical symptom of inner disorder of PD, once named the “shaking palsy”. Traditional Chinese and Sanskritic medicine had names of their own for this disease.

Though the symptoms of PD can be mitigated a by pharmaceuticals, especially levadopa, the progess of the disease is inexorable. Moreover, the efficacy of dopamine surrogates like levadopa unfortunately wears out over time. There are some non-pharmaceutical options, including Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). This consists of inserting a probe into the subthamalmic nucleui down to the SN, then applying electrical charges, much like a pacemaker. DBS has relieved the symptom in thousands of PWPs without the side effects that occur with pharmaceutical therapies.

Yet PD remains a mysterious disease.  There is no cure.

Obviously, I haven’t chosen to write this piece for serendipitous reasons. See Diagnosis for an earlier take on my affliction.

 

Readings / Sources:

Amthor, F. 2020. Neurobiology For Dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Notes: https://alteritas.net/alteritas/2024/01/28/notes-to-neurobiology-for-dummies/

——–.   2023. Neuroscience for Dummies. 3rd Edition.  Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Note: https://alteritas.net/alteritas/2024/01/28/notes-to-neuroscience-for-dummies/

Austin, James H. 2006. Zen-Brain Reflections: Reviewing Recent Developments in Meditation and States of Consciousness. MIT Press.

Godfrey-Smith, Peter.  2016. Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.. Notes: https://alteritas.net/alteritas/2023/12/25/highlights-from-other-minds/

Presti, David E. 2015. Foundational Concepts in Neuroscience: A Brain-Mind Odyssey (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). Notes: https://alteritas.net/alteritas/2023/12/24/highlight-notes-from/

Sapolsky, Robert M. 2017. Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. Penguin Publishing Group. Notes: https://alteritas.net/alteritas/2024/01/19/highlights-and-notes-on-behave-the-biology-of-humans-at-our-best-and-worst-by-sapolsky-robert-m/

Thaler, Alison I., and Malcolm S. Thaler. 2021. The Only Neurology Book You’ll Ever Need. Wolters Kluwer Health, 2021. Notes : https://alteritas.net/alteritas/2023/12/24/highlight-notes-from-neurology-readings/