Figure 17.2 MRI of a human brain. See photos
Using functional MRI, music neuroscientists have established that actively listening to rhythm activates the supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia in the deep brain, both of which are important for generating voluntary movements <
The pathophysiology of GAD implicates several regions of the brain that mediate the processing of stimuli associated with fear, anxiety, memory, and emotion (i.e., the amygdala, insula and the frontal cortex).[15][8] The amygdala is part of the brain that is associated with experiencing emotions. In the amygdala, the basolateral amygdala complex recognizes sensory information and activates GABAergic neurons which can cause somatic symptoms of anxiety. GABAergic neurons control the nervous system by reducing feelings of stress, anxiety, and fear. When there is an inadequate number of GABAergic neurons, those negative feelings become apparent and can release somatic responses of stress.[16] It has been suggested that individuals with GAD have greater amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity in response to stimuli than individuals who do not have GAD.[8] However, the relationship between GAD and activity levels in other parts of the frontal cortex is the subject of ongoing research with some literature suggesting greater activation in specific regions for individuals who have GAD but where other research suggests decreased activation levels in individuals who have GAD as compared to individuals who do not have GAD.[8][15] < wiki Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Images of synapses:
https://x.com/worldartira/status/1730152428178469033?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg
https://x.com/xerxesxerxes/status/1730243785303404935?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg
https://www.quantamagazine.org/in-the-guts-second-brain-key-agents-of-health-emerge-20231121/
https://x.com/visionaryvoid/status/1730134003435593984?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg
< Beta-actin mRNA plays a crucial role in the formation of long-term memories. It is involved in the regulation of actin, a protein that contributes to the structure and function of cells. In neurons, actin is particularly important for the growth and maintenance of dendritic spines, the tiny protrusions that receive signals from other neurons. Changes in the number and shape of these spines are thought to be a key mechanism underlying learning and memory.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential = nerve impulse
Wiki hemapoeisis : In a healthy adult human, roughly ten billion (1010) to a hundred billion (1011) new blood cells are produced per day, in order to maintain steady state levels in the peripheral circulation.[4][5]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536995/ < nigrostratium
> in gross anatomical dissections, the SNpc appears dark in color because of the high neuromelanin content which forms from the L-DOPA precursor in dopamine synthesis.[2] This characteristic is the source of the name of the region which means “dark substance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482140/#
Levadopa doses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025881/
In simple terms, these models propose that hypokinetic movement disorders (eg, parkinsonism) can be distinguished from hyperkinetic movement disorders (eg, chorea and dystonia) based on the magnitude and pattern of the basal ganglia output neurons in the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr).3 Basal ganglia output neurons inhibit the motor thalamus and the midbrain extrapyramidal area; their role has been proposed to be analogous to a braking mechanism such that increased activity inhibits and decreased activity facilitates motor pattern generators in the cerebral cortex and brainstem.4 The inputs to the GPi and SNpr from the striatum and subthalamic nucleus (STN) are organized anatomically and physiologically such that the striatum provides a specific, focused, context-dependent inhibition, while the STN provides a less specific, divergent excitation Because the output from the GPi and SNpr is inhibitory, this organization translates to a focused facilitation and surround inhibition of motor mechanisms in thalamocortical and brainstem circuits (Figure 1). The function of this organization is to selectively facilitate desired movements and to inhibit potentially competing movements. < https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/784785