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Figure 17.2 MRI of a human brain. See photos

Science | AAAS

Using functional MRI, music neuroscientists have established that actively listening to rhythm activates the supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia in the deep brain, both of which are important for generating voluntary movements <   

The pathophysiology of GAD implicates several regions of the brain that mediate the processing of stimuli associated with fear, anxiety, memory, and emotion (i.e., the amygdala, insula and the frontal cortex).[15][8] The amygdala is part of the brain that is associated with experiencing emotions. In the amygdala, the basolateral amygdala complex recognizes sensory information and activates GABAergic neurons which can cause somatic symptoms of anxiety. GABAergic neurons control the nervous system by reducing feelings of stress, anxiety, and fear. When there is an inadequate number of GABAergic neurons, those negative feelings become apparent and can release somatic responses of stress.[16] It has been suggested that individuals with GAD have greater amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity in response to stimuli than individuals who do not have GAD.[8] However, the relationship between GAD and activity levels in other parts of the frontal cortex is the subject of ongoing research with some literature suggesting greater activation in specific regions for individuals who have GAD but where other research suggests decreased activation levels in individuals who have GAD as compared to individuals who do not have GAD.[8][15] < wiki Generalized Anxiety Disorder 

Images of synapses:

https://x.com/worldartira/status/1730152428178469033?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg

https://x.com/xerxesxerxes/status/1730243785303404935?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg

https://www.quantamagazine.org/in-the-guts-second-brain-key-agents-of-health-emerge-20231121/

https://x.com/visionaryvoid/status/1730134003435593984?s=61&t=u3KfCLKDYzNWBG_B9YfClg

< Beta-actin mRNA plays a crucial role in the formation of long-term memories. It is involved in the regulation of actin, a protein that contributes to the structure and function of cells. In neurons, actin is particularly important for the growth and maintenance of dendritic spines, the tiny protrusions that receive signals from other neurons. Changes in the number and shape of these spines are thought to be a key mechanism underlying learning and memory.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential = nerve impulse
Wiki hemapoeisis : In a healthy adult human, roughly ten billion (1010) to a hundred billion (1011) new blood cells are produced per day, in order to maintain steady state levels in the peripheral circulation.[4][5] 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536995/  < nigrostratium

> in gross anatomical dissections, the SNpc appears dark in color because of the high neuromelanin content which forms from the L-DOPA precursor in dopamine synthesis.[2] This characteristic is the source of the name of the region which means “dark substance.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482140/#

Levadopa doses

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025881/ 

In simple terms, these models propose that hypokinetic movement disorders (eg, parkinsonism) can be distinguished from hyperkinetic movement disorders (eg, chorea and dystonia) based on the magnitude and pattern of the basal ganglia output neurons in the globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr).3 Basal ganglia output neurons inhibit the motor thalamus and the midbrain extrapyramidal area; their role has been proposed to be analogous to a braking mechanism such that increased activity inhibits and decreased activity facilitates motor pattern generators in the cerebral cortex and brainstem.4 The inputs to the GPi and SNpr from the striatum and subthalamic nucleus (STN) are organized anatomically and physiologically such that the striatum provides a specific, focused, context-dependent inhibition, while the STN provides a less specific, divergent excitation    Because the output from the GPi and SNpr is inhibitory, this organization translates to a focused facilitation and surround inhibition of motor mechanisms in thalamocortical and brainstem circuits (Figure 1). The function of this organization is to selectively facilitate desired movements and to inhibit potentially competing movements. <   https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/784785

 

Parkinson’s – Books – NCBI

Parkinson’s – Books – NCBI      Wonderful index linking to many topics:

Levodopa (L-Dopa) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

> To increase the bioavailability of levodopa and decrease its side effects, it is often administeredd in combination with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors (such as carbidopa and benserazide). Dopamine decarboxylase inhibitors prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, allowing for more levodopa to cross the BBB.

Postural instability > https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560906/

 > The specific etiology of postural instability is difficult to identify because it is a heterogeneous disorder, and there is much ground left to uncover regarding knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease.[1]  > This supports that the pathology is non-dopaminergic. As the basal ganglia are perturbed in Parkinson disease

> routine measurement of 25-OH vitamin D3 levels may be helpful and should be completed in all patients newly diagnosed with Parkinson disease  

> A narrow-based or festinating (hurrying) pattern of the walk would suggest a Parkinsonian gait, in which MRI of the brain could be useful.[1]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6770017/

< Because of this, it has been determined that lesions in non-dopaminergic systems possibly contribute to postural instability in Parkinson disease ….

< Posturalx instability is associated with poor prognosis. Frequent falling is correlated to postural instability and can result in broken bones and hospitalization. Dopaminergic treatment has not been shown to be effective. In patients with mild-moderate Parkinson disease, postural instability and gait difficulty is an important determinant of quality of life. It is a major contributor to disability in patients in Parkinson disease.[2][23

The theory of hypodopaminergic pathology has been extended to a multisystem neurodegeneration, cortical amyloid deposition [31], differential disruption of the corpus callosal fibers [38], and periventricular white matter hyperintensities [39] to name a few.

Nancy’s youtube:   https://m.youtube.com/watchv=fbzCaEHyRiY&feature=youtu.be

Using functional MRI, music neuroscientists have established that actively listening to rhythm activates the supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia in the deep brain, both of which are important for generating voluntary movements <

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1320515/

https://www.webmd.com/parkinsons-disease/what-is-hypomimia

Central and peripheral innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson’s disease

>  Instead, PD can be considered to be a chronic inflammatory systemic disease  

Alpha synuclein potentially connects the gut-brain axis in Parkinson’s disease patients. Common inherited Parkinson disease is associated with mutations in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene. In the process of seeded nucleation, alpha-synuclein acquires a cross-sheet structure similar to other amyloids. ^[27

< wiki alpha-synuclein

 

> Identification of RORγt+ MHCII+ antigen- presenting cells in the gut has raised the possibility of systemically regulating gut immune tolerance in early life to prevent or reduce the risk of PD development. …

 We need to harness this information to identify those individuals at higher risk of PD because of their genetics, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices, as well as individuals in the prodromal stages who could be treated with immunomodulatory interventions to delay, slow, or arrest progression of the disease from the periphery to the CNS. 

Parkinsonism and carbon monoxide intox?

ChatGPT : Carbon monoxide poisoning and Parkinson’s disease both produce similar effects on the substantia nigra. Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas that can interfere with the normal functioning of the brain, including the substantia nigra. This region of the brain is responsible for producing dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in movement and coordination. When the substantia nigra is damaged or affected, dopamine production is disrupted, leading to symptoms similar to those seen in Parkinson’s disease. These symptoms may include tremors, muscle stiffness, and difficulty with movement. While the causes of Parkinson’s disease are still not fully understood, carbon monoxide poisoning provides a clear example of how damage to the substantia nigra can result in similar effects. 

Solvents and Parkinson disease: A systematic review of toxicological and epidemiological evidence

The Brain Lesion Responsible for Parkinsonism After Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

The Brain Lesion Responsible for Parkinsonism After Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A partial list of famous people with Parkinson’s:

• Muhammad Ali, boxer (boxing-induced)
• Johnny Cash, singer
• Michael J. Fox, actor
• Estelle Getty, actress
• Billy Graham, evangelist
• Pauline Kael, film critic
• Deborah Kerr, actress
• Janet Reno, former U.S. Attorney General
• George Roy Hill, 81, director
• Michael Redgrave, 77, actor
• Pope John Paul II, 84, pope
• Terry-Thomas, 79, actor

    

https://www.aans.org/en/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Parkinsons-Disease#:~:text=Parkinson’s%20disease%20is%20a%20progressive,an%20important%20chemical%20called%20dopamine.

 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_expression

 

My interest in writing in creoles was sparked by a poem in Sranantongo,

A closet Buddhist | But comparatist at heart

The gas heater we used to huddle around

Mon eau, je l’aime gazeuse

Chicken in cream 

https://www.instagram.com/reel/C0WdKgSuxmD/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==

Poulet à la moutarde!

AI should =  algorithmic not artificial intelligence. 

For one thing, it helps rid us of the silly dualism of the mind / matter dichotomy, here the illusion that human intelligence is natural. [X’d on 6.11.23]  

For another, it opens the door to there bring many kinds of intelligence (< Latin intelligentum, meaning to discern, from inter + legere, to choose or pick out).

 

Intelligence is from the Latin intelligentum, meaning to discern or comprehend, from inter + legere, to choose or pick out, from or between. Dictionary definitions of intelligence include the ability to acquire and retain knowledge, learn, grasp truths and patterns, reason, and apply all this toward solving problems. Intelligence defined this way may include understanding, if by understanding we mean a capacity to discern relationships and appreciate connections. There is no mention here of mind, mentality, or consciousness. By this definition, intelligence does not include awareness, inner subjective experience, or sentience. If intelligence is defined in this way, then machines have become very intelligent indeed, and there is no end in sight.

< foundational concepts 

The ability to create and deploy powerful weapons, a result of our sophisticated intelligence and ability to understand the world through physical and mathematical reasoning, has formed a deadly marriage with our primal capacity for fear and violence.

< FCN, David E Presti ucberkeley Neuroscience of consciousness, mind-matter relation, psychopharmacology, psychedelic science, clinical treatment of addiction.

“I admit to having used prostitute, for that matter I have prostituted myself. I’m not sure everyone else has but know that everyone does” < Christopher Marrow

 In the 70s I aspired to the Montréal bilingual elite which currently attracts such hated by the Westen riff-raff and simular deplorables.

Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic.[10] It is commonly used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome.[10] It may also be used to cause memory loss during certain medical procedures.[11][12] It can be taken orally (by mouth), as a suppository inserted into the rectum, intramuscularly (injected into muscle), intravenously (injection into a vein) or used as a nasal spray.[6][12] When injected intravenously, effects begin in one to five minutes and last up to an hour.[12] Orally, effects begin after 15 to 60 minutes.[13

Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic neuropathic pain by various medical authorities.[7][8][26][27] This is a general recommendation applicable to all neuropathic pain syndromes except for trigeminal neuralgia, where it may be used as a second- or third-line agent.[8][27]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigeminal_neuralgia

Gabapentin is effective in treating sleep disorders such as insomnia and restless legs syndrome that are the result of an underlying illness, but comes with some risk of discontinuation and withdrawal symptoms after prolonged use at higher doses.[34]

Zhittya believes that this same drug that proved efficacious in the heart, could treat Parkinson’s disease, where recent evidence has demonstrated that a lack of blood flow to parts of the brain could be the initiating cause of Parkinson’s disease. < angiogenesis 

c1ccccc1C2=NCC(=O)N(C)c3ccc(Cl)cc23

c1ccccc1C2=NCC(=O)N(C)c3ccc(Cl)cc23

Human Connectome Project |  Mapping the human brain connectivity

Human Connectome Project |  Mapping the human brain connectivity

We’re more curious about ourselves than we are about each other

What part of the brain deals with honour and revenge?

Criiminology and neurology, what a combo!

REM sleep is procesing the previous day’s events, laying down tracks of memory.

 Caelun non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt

https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/phrase/253/

1000101=69

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and maternal attachment behaviours, thirst,[3] fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms ( <Wiki)       

The subthalamus is located ventral to the thalamus, medial to the internal capsule and lateral to the hypothalamus. It is a region formed by several grey matter nuclei and their associated white matter structures, namely:[3]

• The subthalamic nucleus, whose neurons contain glutamate and have excitatory effects over neurons of globus pallidus and substantia nigra  < Wiki